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Countries with the Highest Fossil Fuel Electricity Capacity (Top 186)

Countries with the Highest Fossil Fuel Electricity Capacity (Top 186)

Economics & FinanceNovember 17, 2025

When we discuss electricity generation, we’re referring to the foundation of modern civilization. The infographic from the U.S. Energy Information Administration reveals a striking aspect of our global energy landscape as of 2022—fossil fuels still dominate the conversation.

From massive coal plants in China to natural gas facilities across the United States, fossil fuel electricity capacity tells the story of industrial growth, economic development, and the ongoing challenge of energy transition. This analysis examines the top twenty countries that have built the most extensive fossil fuel power generation infrastructure on the planet, representing billions of dollars in investment and decades of energy policy decisions.

The Dominant Giant: China’s Massive Fossil Fuel Infrastructure

China leads the world in fossil fuel electricity capacity, reaching 1,332.39 million kilowatts in 2022—almost twice as much as the United States. This figure represents thousands of power plants using coal, natural gas, and oil throughout China. By the end of 2022, China’s total installed power generation capacity was 2,564.05 gigawatts, and fossil fuels remained the main source of energy, even as the country rapidly expanded its use of renewables.

Key Facts About China’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Holds 1,332.39 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity as of 2022.
Coal-fired power stations generate 57 percent of total electricity annually.
Approved five gigawatts of new coal power in just the first half of 2021 despite carbon commitments.
The total installed capacity reached 2,564.05 gigawatts, with fossil fuels remaining the dominant source of energy.
Electricity generation increased more than six and a half times since 2000, from 1,347 to 8,840 terawatt-hours.
Coal alone accounts for about 56.2 percent of the nation’s total energy consumption.
Fossil fuels account for 70 percent of electricity generation despite having less than half of the installed capacity.

Coal made up about 56.2 percent of China’s energy use, even as the country built record amounts of solar and wind power. China’s reliance on fossil fuels is tied to decades of fast industrial growth. Since 2000, electricity generation has grown more than sixfold, from 1,347 to 8,840 terawatt-hours by 2022. This growth supported factories, cities, and helped millions escape poverty, but it also meant that about 70 percent of China’s electricity still comes from fossil fuels, even though they make up less than half of the installed capacity.

The difference between installed capacity and actual electricity generation shows that renewables like wind and solar cannot yet provide the steady, all-day power that coal plants offer. China’s coal infrastructure is massive. In 2021, the country had about 1,080 gigawatts of coal power, making up around half of its power stations.

Coal plants in China generated more than half of the world’s coal-fired electricity in 2020. Even though China has promised to peak carbon emissions before 2030, it approved five gigawatts of new coal power in early 2021. This ongoing growth highlights the difficulty of balancing economic development with environmental goals.

America’s Energy Powerhouse: The United States

The United States ranks second in global fossil fuel electricity capacity, with 724.22 million kilowatts—about half of China’s 1,332.39 million kilowatts. This infrastructure stretches from natural gas plants in Texas to coal facilities in the Midwest, making the U.S. the world’s second-largest electricity producer. In 2020, the U.S. generated approximately 4.2 petawatt-hours of electricity annually, with natural gas accounting for 40%, coal for 19%, nuclear power for 20%, and renewables for the remaining 21%.

Key Facts About the United States’ Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Commands 724.22 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity as the world’s second-largest producer.
Natural gas accounts for approximately 40 percent of the United States’ electricity production.
Coal accounts for 19 percent while nuclear contributes 20 percent of total electricity.
Natural gas emits 50 to 60 percent less carbon dioxide compared to coal when combusted.
Fossil fuel industry generates over 138 billion dollars annually from royalties, taxes, and lease sales.
Shifted dramatically toward natural gas over two decades due to the shale gas revolution.
Supports millions of jobs directly and indirectly from extraction through power plant operations.

The United States is notable for its mix of fossil fuels. Unlike China’s heavy use of coal, the U.S. has moved toward natural gas over the last twenty years. This change was driven by the shale gas boom, which made natural gas cheaper through hydraulic fracturing. Natural gas produces 50 to 60 percent less carbon dioxide than coal, making it a cleaner fossil fuel. However, methane leaks during production and transport can reduce these climate benefits.

The U.S. fossil fuel industry brings major economic benefits. From 2015 to 2019, it generated more than $138 billion each year from royalties, taxes, and lease sales. This money helps pay for public services like healthcare, education, and infrastructure. The industry also supports millions of jobs, from extraction to power plant operations. However, these benefits come with environmental and health costs that are not included in the market price.

India’s Growing Energy Appetite

India ranks third with 305.45 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity, reflecting its massive and growing energy needs. As the world’s third-largest electricity consumer and home to approximately 1.4 billion people, India faces a significant challenge: balancing rapid economic growth with its climate commitments. In fiscal year 2022-23, fossil fuels dominated India’s power sector, making up 56.8 percent of total capacity, with coal alone representing the largest share.

Key Facts About India’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Features 305.45 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity, as the world’s third-largest consumer.
Coal accounts for 71.3 percent of total electricity generation nationwide.
Home to approximately 1.4 billion people, it requires a massive and growing electricity demand.
Fossil fuels account for 78 percent of 2024 generation with 56.8 percent of installed capacity.
Electricity demand more than tripled over two decades, from 573 to 1,836 terawatt-hours.
Clean electricity production surged 20 percent in the first half of 2025 to record levels.
Coal power plant proposals reached record levels with 38 gigawatts proposed in 2024.

India relies heavily on fossil fuels, with more than three-quarters of its electricity coming from these sources. Coal alone makes up 71.3 percent of electricity generation. This coal-focused approach has fueled India’s fast growth, as electricity demand more than tripled from 573 terawatt-hours in 2000 to 1,836 terawatt-hours by 2022. Most of this increase was met by expanding coal power.

A notable development is underway in India’s energy sector. In 2025, clean electricity production surged by 20%, reaching record levels and enabling utilities to reduce their reliance on fossil fuel generation. Clean energy accounted for nearly one-third of all utility electricity, driven by record renewable, hydropower, and nuclear output.

In the first half of 2025, utilities generated a record 236 terawatt-hours of clean electricity, representing a 20% increase from the same period in 2024. This resulted in a 4% decrease in fossil fuel generation from the previous year, to approximately 691 terawatt-hours.

Despite this progress, India’s coal expansion persists. The country set a record for new coal plant proposals in 2024, with a total of 38 gigawatts of capacity. The Indian government has pledged to phase down coal, but without a set timeline.

Fossil fuels generated 78 percent of India’s electricity in 2024, making the power sector its largest source of emissions. Emissions from the sector have increased over the past two decades, primarily due to rising coal use, although per capita emissions remain significantly below the global average.

Russia’s Fossil Fuel Foundation

Russia ranks fourth with 217.06 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capaciIn 2023, its total installed electricity generation was 302 gigawatts, comprising approximately 60 percent from fossil fuels, 20 percent from hydroelectricity, and 20 percent from nuclear reactors.ors. Renewable energy remains minimal. Russia produced 1,085 terawatt-hours in 2020 and exported 20 terawatt-hours to neighboring countries.

Key Facts About Russia’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Possesses 217.06 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity in fourth position globally.
Approximately 60 percent of 302 gigawatts installed capacity generated by fossil fuels as of 2023.
The Energy Strategy to 2035 focuses on maintaining oil production and increasing exports of gas and coal.
Coal exports projected to increase from 11 to 25 percent of global market share by 2035.
Liquefied natural gas export capacity planned to expand from 27 to 140 million tons annually.
Renewables account for just 0.1 percent of total wind energy and 1.1 percent of total solar energy capacity.
A new strategy envisions renewables reaching only 4% of the energy mix by 2035.

Russia’s energy strategy reveals a lot about its priorities. The country’s “Energy Strategy to 2035,” published in 2020, focuses almost exclusively on maintaining its oil production and increasing gas and coal exports over the next fifteen years. While Europe and China adopted plans to decarbonize, Russia doubled down on its reliance on fossil fuels. Coal accounts for 14 percent of Russia’s energy mix, and exports are expected to remain the fifth-largest source of state budget revenue, at approximately $ 17 billion per year. Russia could become the world’s largest coal exporter if its share of global trade grows from 11 to 25 percent by 2035 as planned.

The natural gas picture is equally ambitious. By 2035, Russia aims to expand its liquefied natural gas (LNG) export capacity from 27 million tons per year to 140 million tons per year, thereby increasing its market share from 8% to 20-25%. Total gas exports are projected to increase by another 30 percent despite competing supply of inexpensive LNG from the United States and the Middle East. In 2020, Russia generated 0.1 gigawatts of wind power and 1.1 gigawatts of solar power, accounting for a small portion of its total electricity generation of 253 gigawatts. The new strategy envisions renewables reaching only four percent of the energy mix by 2035.

Japan’s Energy Transition Challenge

Japan ranks fifth with 195.46 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity. The island nation had approximately 318.6 gigawatts of total generating capacity at the end of fiscal 2022, comprising 47.5 percent thermal power, 10.4 percent nuclear power, 15.4 percent hydroelectric power, and 26 percent renewables, excluding hydroelectric power. The thermal power breakdown shows 15.9 percent coal, 24.8 percent liquefied natural gas, and 6.8 percent oil. This heavy reliance on fossil fuels stems partly from the dramatic reduction in nuclear power following the Fukushima disaster in 2011.

Key Facts About Japan’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Maintains 195.46 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity, ranking fifth worldwide.
Thermal power accounts for 47.5 percent of total generating capacity as of fiscal 2022.
The 2011 Fukushima disaster led to the shutdown of nearly all nuclear reactors, forcing a reliance on fossil fuels.
Fossil fuels generate approximately 70 percent of total annual electricity approximately one petawatt hour.
Ranks third globally in coal imports, demonstrating a strong dependence on external fuel sources.
Japan ranks second worldwide in solar photovoltaic capacity, with 62 gigawatts installed as of 2019.
Aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 requiring significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

Before the Fukushima disaster, nuclear energy played a significantly larger role in Japan’s electricity mix. The accident led to the shutdown of nearly all nuclear reactors, forcing the country to dramatically increase its fossil fuel imports to fill the gap.

By 2019, the electricity capacity included 194 gigawatts of thermal generation, making fossil fuels the dominant source. Japan generates approximately one petawatt-hour of electricity annually, with fossil fuels accounting for about 70 percent of the generation. The country is the world’s third-largest coal importer.

We’re seeing some shifts in Japan’s energy landscape. The country now ranks second in the world for solar photovoltaic capacity, at 62 gigawatts in 2019, and solar energy now has the same share as nuclear in the power mix, at seven percent. Wind capacity is expanding, projected to reach 6.8 gigawatts in fiscal year 2024.

The government aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, which requires a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions beyond 2030. However, Japan’s dependence on fossil fuels remains high, presenting a considerable challenge ahead.

Saudi Arabia’s Fossil Fuel Dependence and Solar Boom

Saudi Arabia ranks sixth with 116.63 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity. The country generates electricity using 40 percent oil, 52 percent natural gas, and 8 percent steam, with a total capacity of about 55 gigawatts. As the world’s second-largest holder of oil reserves and the top oil exporter, Saudi Arabia has often resisted global moves away from fossil fuels. However, the country is now seeing rapid growth in solar energy, showing that even a major oil producer is investing in clean energy.

Key Facts About Saudi Arabia’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Commands 116.63 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity, ranking sixth globally.
Electricity generation comes from 40 percent oil and 52 percent natural gas sources.
Experienced breathtaking solar expansion from virtually zero in 2020 to 12 gigawatts predicted by 2025.
Al Shuaibah 2 solar farm represents largest installation with more than two gigawatts capacity.
ACWA Power and Saudi Aramco announced an $8.3 billion investment in 15 gigawatts of renewable energy.
Pledged to generate 50 percent of electricity from renewable sources by 2030 target date.
Still planning to receive 50 percent of electricity from planet-heating natural gas by 2030.

Saudi Arabia’s solar energy is growing quickly. In 2020, the country had almost no renewable energy, but by the end of 2025, it is expected to reach 12 gigawatts of solar capacity. In 2025, Saudi Arabia installed enough solar to join the top ten global markets for new solar projects for the first time. The Al Shuaibah 2 solar farm, the largest in the country, has a capacity of over two gigawatts, enough to supply about 350,000 homes. Even larger solar farms are being planned across the desert.

Saudi Arabia has pledged to generate 50 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030, and the race is on to meet it. In July, ACWA Power and state-owned Saudi Aramco announced an $8.3 billion investment in 15 gigawatts of renewable energy, primarily solar. By 2030, solar energy is expected to experience rapid growth.

However, Saudi Arabia is still planning to get 50 percent of its electricity from planet-heating natural gas, so we’re seeing a surge in gas infrastructure alongside the solar boom. The country relied on fossil fuels for 99 percent of its electricity in 2023, well above the global average.

Germany’s Transition from Coal

Germany holds seventh position with 99.24 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity. This represents a dramatic shift from the country’s historical energy profile. Germany has been at the forefront of Europe’s energy transition, aggressively pursuing the expansion of renewable energy while phasing out both nuclear and coal power. Europe marked a massive fourfold jump in coal plant retirements in 2024, with 11 gigawatts retired, up from 2.7 gigawatts in 2023. Germany alone decommissioned 6.7 gigawatts of coal capacity in 2024.

Key Facts About Germany’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Holds 99.24 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity in seventh position worldwide.
Leading forefront of Europe’s energy transition while phasing out both nuclear and coal power.
Decommissioned 6.7 gigawatts of coal capacity in 2024 alone from power generation system.
Raising nine billion euros in funding for hydrogen development including international cooperation.
Coal generation fell by 182 terawatt-hours, or 40 percent, over the last five years.
Ambitious climate goals require cutting greenhouse gas emissions 65 percent by 2030 compared to 1990.
European Union saved 59 billion euros by rolling out wind and solar capacity avoiding fossil imports.

In the past five years, coal generation in Europe dropped by 182 terawatt-hours, a 40 percent decrease. Austria, Sweden, and Portugal have stopped using coal entirely. Germany, which has many coal plants, closed a significant number during this time. Gas generation also fell each year, down by 139 terawatt-hours, or 24 percent, in 2024 compared to 2019. These changes highlight the scale of Germany’s shift in energy sources.

The transition hasn’t been easy. Germany’s ambitious climate goals—cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 65 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels and achieving climate neutrality by 2045—require fundamental changes to the country’s energy system.

The country raised €9 billion in funding for hydrogen development, including €2 billion for international cooperation. Germany’s National Hydrogen Strategy anticipates a hydrogen demand of 90 to 110 terawatt-hours by 2030, with imports meeting a substantial share, as domestic production alone won’t be sufficient. Over the last five years, the European Union has saved 59 billion euros that would have been spent on importing fossil fuels by expanding its wind and solar capacity.

South Korea’s Fossil Fuel Dependence

South Korea ranks eighth with 90.11 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity. In 2021, state power utility KEPCO had an installed capacity exceeding 90 gigawatts, comprising 37 gigawatts of coal-fired capacity and 19 gigawatts of gas-fired capacity. Nuclear power also plays a major role, with 24 gigawatts of installed capacity. The company generated 400 terawatt-hours of electricity in 2021, with 172 terawatt-hours from coal (43%), 158 terawatt-hours from nuclear (40%), and nearly 55 terawatt-hours from gas (14%).

Key Facts About South Korea’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Ranks eighth with 90.11 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity in region.
Coal-fired capacity totals 37 gigawatts with 19 gigawatts of gas-fired generation capacity.
First time in April 2025 fossil fuels accounted for less than half at 49.5 percent generation.
Coal generation hit a record low in April 2025, at 18.5 percent or 8.2 terawatt-hours.
Depends on foreign fossil fuels for at least 90% of its total energy use.
Burdened with 17 billion dollars additional electricity costs in 2022 due to overreliance on fossils.
Electric power demand expected to increase 30 percent by 2035 requiring major capacity expansion.

In April 2025, fossil fuels made up less than half of South Korea’s electricity generation for the first time, at 49.5 percent or 21.8 terawatt-hours. The previous record low was 50.4 percent in May 2024. This drop was mainly due to coal generation, which fell to 18.5 percent, or 8.2 terawatt-hours, in April 2025. In 2024, coal provided 30 percent of South Korea’s electricity, and all fossil fuels together made up 60 percent.

South Korea depends on foreign fossil fuels for at least 90 percent of its energy use. This heavy dependence on imports creates significant economic vulnerability, as demonstrated by the country’s 17 billion dollar additional cost for electricity in 2022 due to utilities’ overreliance on fossil fuels. The current global energy crisis has massive implications for South Korea’s economy and security. Clean electricity accounts for only 39 percent of total generation, with electricity demand expected to increase 30 percent by 2035.

Iran’s Gas-Dominated System

Iran claims ninth place with 71.45 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity. This capacity has remained unchanged from 2021 through 2023. Iran relied on fossil fuels for 92 percent of its electricity in 2024, significantly higher than the global average of 41 percent for low-carbon sources. The country’s largest source of clean electricity is hydro at six percent, while its share of wind and solar at 0.5 percent is well below the global average of 15 percent.

Key Facts About Iran’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Maintains 71.45 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity unchanged from 2021 to 2023.
Relied on fossil fuels for 92 percent of electricity in 2024 well above global average.
Natural gas dominates electricity generation system reflecting nation’s vast natural gas reserves.
Power sector emissions have tripled over the last two decades due to growing power demand.
Ranks among world’s top coal mine methane emitters contributing to climate change.
Clean electricity sources limited to six percent hydro with wind and solar at 0.5 percent.
Faces challenges in diversifying its energy mix due to economic sanctions and limited international cooperation.

Iran’s power sector emissions have tripled over the last two decades, primarily due to the rapid growth in power demand, which was largely met by an increase in gas generation. The country ranks as the 12th largest by electricity demand in 2024. According to the Iran Energy Yearbook for 2020, the country had over 85 gigawatts of installed nominal power capacity. Natural gas dominates Iran’s electricity generation system, reflecting the nation’s vast gas reserves as a major energy producer.

Iran’s heavy use of fossil fuels has major environmental and health impacts. The country is also among the top emitters of methane from coal mines. Iran struggles to diversify its energy sources because of economic sanctions and limited international cooperation on clean energy. Although Iran has strong solar potential, very little renewable energy has been developed compared to its fossil fuel infrastructure.

Mexico’s Balanced Fossil Fuel Mix

Mexico rounds out the top ten with 71.08 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity. The country experienced significant changes in coal generation in 2023, with coal production increasing by 12 terawatt-hours, a 55 percent increase. This dramatic increase occurred partly because both coal and gas generation had to rise to meet a hydropower shortfall caused by drought conditions. Mexico’s electricity generation capacity needs to continue expanding to meet the growing demand of its population, which is approximately 130 million people.

Key Facts About Mexico’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Completes top ten with 71.08 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity.
Coal generation increased by 12 terawatt hours or 55 percent in 2023 alone.
Hydropower shortfall caused drought conditions forced both coal and gas generation to rise.
Electricity generation capacity needs to continue expanding to meet the growing demand from 130 million people.
Part of the North American energy market involves creating complex cross-border electricity flows.
Signed Belem transport pledge at COP 30 committing to low-emission transport systems by 2050.
Excellent solar potential particularly in northern desert regions supporting large-scale renewable development.

Mexico shares the North American energy market with the United States and Canada, leading to complex electricity flows across borders and important energy security issues. The country is working to add more renewable energy, especially wind and solar, but fossil fuels still make up most of its energy mix. Recent changes in Mexico’s energy policies have affected both public and private involvement in electricity generation.

The country faces a delicate balance between meeting immediate electricity demand, maintaining affordable energy prices, and addressing climate commitments. Mexico signed the Belem transport pledge at COP 30, committing to low-emission transport systems by 2050. However, the electricity sector must expand significantly to support the electrification of transportation and other decarbonization efforts. Mexico’s geographic position gives it excellent solar potential, particularly in northern desert regions, which could support large-scale renewable energy development.

Italy’s Declining Fossil Fuel Role

Italy ranks eleventh with 59.50 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity. The country’s electricity mix has shifted considerably over the past decade, with fossil fuels playing a smaller role than in many comparable economies. Italy generates only 5 percent of its electricity from coal, 40 percent from gas, and 38 percent from oil and other sources, with 16 percent from renewable sources. This relatively low coal dependence sets Italy apart from other major European economies.

Key Facts About Italy’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Stands at eleventh position with 59.50 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity.
Electricity mix shifted considerably with fossil fuels playing smaller role than comparable economies.
Only five percent of Italy’s electricity comes from coal, making it one of the few major European nations to achieve this distinction.
Forty percent from natural gas and 38 percent from oil and other sources for generation.
Participates in European energy markets and climate policies, accelerating the phase-out of fossil fuels.
Depends heavily on natural gas imports, particularly from Russia and North Africa, via pipelines.
Maintains interconnections with neighboring countries allowing power trading and enhanced security.

Italy has benefited from Europe’s broader energy transition trends. The continent has seen significant reductions in coal generation, with fossil fuel generation declining substantially across the European Union. Italy’s participation in European energy markets and climate policies has accelerated its shift away from fossil fuels. The country has substantial solar potential given its Mediterranean climate, and solar photovoltaic installations have grown considerably in recent years.

Italy’s energy security relies heavily on natural gas imports, mainly from Russia and North Africa through pipelines. This dependence has made Italy vulnerable, as shown during the energy crisis after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Italy has tried to diversify its gas sources and increase its capacity to import liquefied natural gas to avoid relying on one supplier. The country also connects its electricity grid with neighbors, which helps with power trading and security.

Indonesia’s Coal-Heavy Infrastructure

Indonesia ranks twelfth with 57.49 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity. Despite internationally backed climate commitments and pledges to transition to a 100 percent renewable-led energy system, Indonesia’s energy plan continues to prioritize fossil fuels. The country’s 10-year power grid plan reveals that while clean energy generation is expected to quadruple from 44 terawatt-hours to 172 terawatt-hours, fossil fuel power generation is also poised to increase by a massive 40 percent, from 295 terawatt-hours to 407 terawatt-hours.

Key Facts About Indonesia’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Ranks twelfth with 57.49 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity globally.
The world’s largest thermal coal exporter and the third-largest coal producer, with global implications.
The ten-year power grid plan projects a 40 percent increase in fossil fuel generation, from 295 to 407 terawatt-hours.
Will add 16.6 gigawatts of new coal and gas power capacity contradicting renewable energy commitments.
The sixth-biggest carbon dioxide emitter globally making energy choices have worldwide significance.
Harnesses just 0.3 percent of estimated 3.7 terawatts of renewable electricity potential available.
Had just 1.75 gigawatts of operational grid-connected renewable capacity in 2024, about a third from solar.

Indonesia plans to add 16.6 gigawatts of new coal and gas power, while its 2030 target for renewable power capacity has been lowered from 20.9 to 18.6 gigawatts. This move goes against earlier commitments and the Just Energy Transition Partnership agreement. The state-owned power company, PLN, has focused on expanding fossil fuel capacity and has not followed through on earlier renewable energy targets or plans to phase out coal.

As the world’s largest thermal coal exporter, the third-largest coal producer, and the sixth-largest carbon dioxide emitter, Indonesia’s energy choices have significant global implications. The country harnesses just 0.3 percent of an estimated 3.7 terawatts of potential renewable electricity despite having immense solar potential estimated at around 3,295 gigawatts. As of 2024, Indonesia had just 1.75 gigawatts of operational grid-connected renewable power projects, about a third of which came from solar at 625 megawatts.

Australia’s Coal Exports and Domestic Use

Australia holds thirteenth position with 53.22 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity. The country generates significant electricity from coal, which has traditionally been the backbone of Australian power generation, particularly in states like New South Wales and Queensland. Australia is also one of the world’s largest coal exporters, shipping hundreds of millions of tons annually to Asian markets, particularly Japan, South Korea, and China.

Key Facts About Australia’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Holds thirteenth position with 53.22 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity.
One of world’s largest coal exporters shipping hundreds of millions tons annually to Asian markets.
Generates significant electricity from coal, particularly in the states of New South Wales and Queensland.
Excellent renewable energy resources including world’s best solar potential and strong wind resources.
Leads globally in rooftop solar adoption, with over three million household installations.
Coal and natural gas exports generate substantial revenue supporting numerous jobs in regional areas.
Communities dependent on fossil fuel industries face uncertain futures during energy transition.

Australia’s electricity sector is changing, but the speed of transition differs by state. The country has some of the best renewable energy resources in the world, especially for solar and wind, particularly in southern coastal areas. Australia also leads the world in rooftop solar, with over three million homes using solar panels.

The economic significance of Australia’s fossil fuel industry is undeniable. Coal and natural gas exports generate substantial revenue and support numerous jobs, particularly in regional areas. However, this creates political and economic challenges for energy transition, as communities dependent on fossil fuel industries face uncertain futures. Australia is working to develop new industries, such as renewable hydrogen production, to capitalize on its renewable energy resources and maintain stable export revenues.

Egypt’s Gas-Heavy Generation

Egypt ranks fourteenth with 52.97 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity. The country relied heavily on fossil fuels for 90% of its electricity generation in 2019, significantly above the global average. Egypt has been working to increase its renewable energy capacity, particularly solar power, which grew to 3% of its generation in 2019 following recent expansion. However, fossil fuels, especially natural gas, continue to dominate the electricity mix.

Key Facts About Egypt’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Claims fourteenth position with 52.97 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity.
Relied on fossil fuels for 90 percent of electricity in 2019 above global average significantly.
Natural gas continues to dominate the electricity mix, reflecting domestic gas reserves in the Gulf of Egypt.
Electricity demand growing steadily as population exceeds 100 million people urbanizing rapidly.
Hot tropical climate drives significant cooling demand particularly in major urban centers like Cairo.
Pursued large-scale renewable energy projects including solar farms in desert regions.
Geographic position offers strong potential for both solar and wind energy development in the future.

Egypt has substantial natural gas reserves and has positioned itself as a regional energy hub, with infrastructure for liquefied natural gas export and import. The country’s electricity demand has grown steadily as the population exceeds 100 million people and economic development continues. Egypt faces the challenge of meeting rising electricity demand while managing subsidy costs and addressing climate commitments.

The country has pursued large-scale renewable energy projects, including solar farms in desert regions where solar radiation is excellent. Egypt’s geographic position gives it strong potential for both solar and wind energy development. The government has set ambitious targets for renewable energy expansion as part of its economic development strategy; however, implementation has faced various challenges, including financing and grid integration.

South Africa’s Coal Dominance

South Africa claims fifteenth place with 50.78 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity. The country stands out in Africa with the largest share of coal in its electricity mix, at 86 percent, more than double the world average. South Africa is the largest electricity producer on the continent, followed by North African countries Egypt, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia, as well as Nigeria.

Key Facts About South Africa’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Ranks fifteenth with 50.78 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity on continent.
Coal dominates at 86 percent of electricity mix more than double the world average.
Biggest electricity producer on African continent followed by North African nations combined.
State utility Eskom operates massive coal-fired power stations forming electricity backbone.
No additional coal expansion has occurred unlike some Asian nations since 2014 baseline.
There is very little coal capacity under construction, with only South Africa and Zimbabwe building new.
Experiences frequent load shedding from aging coal plant infrastructure and maintenance problems.

Coal has been the foundation of South Africa’s electricity system for decades, with the state utility Eskom operating massive coal-fired power stations. The country has avoided additional coal expansion, unlike some Asian nations. There has been no growth in total coal generation in Africa since 2014, as South Africa’s declining coal generation was offset by increases in Morocco and Zambia. There is very little coal capacity under construction or planned in Africa, with only South Africa and Zimbabwe currently building new coal facilities.

South Africa has major energy challenges, such as old coal power plants that often break down and need repairs. The country has had frequent load shedding, or planned power outages, when demand is higher than supply. These outages have caused economic problems and disrupted daily life. South Africa is trying to add more renewable energy, especially wind and solar, through independent power producer programs, but progress is slower than needed to meet climate goals.

United Kingdom’s Rapid Coal Phase-Out

The United Kingdom holds sixteenth position with 50.62 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity. The UK has undergone one of the world’s most dramatic energy transitions over the past decade. In 2024, the United Kingdom shut down its last coal-fired power plant, completing a remarkable journey from heavy reliance on coal to coal-free electricity generation. This transformation demonstrates that a rapid phase-out of fossil fuels is possible in major economies.

Key Facts About United Kingdom’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Holds sixteenth position with 50.62 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity.
Shut down last coal power plant in 2024 completing dramatic energy transition journey.
Underwent one of world’s most rapid fossil fuel phase-outs in major developed economies.
Reliance on imported fossil fuel electricity dropped from 45 percent to under 25 percent.
Built substantial offshore wind capacity becoming global leader in marine wind technology.
North Sea wind farms generate substantial amounts of clean electricity during periods of peak demand.
Called fossil fuel age flailing and failing while supporting accelerated transition to clean energy.

The UK’s reliance on electricity generated from imported fossil fuels has decreased from 45 percent to under 25 percent in a decade, primarily due to the growth of wind and solar power. The country has built substantial offshore wind capacity, becoming a global leader in this technology. North Sea wind farms generate substantial amounts of clean electricity, particularly during the winter months when electricity demand typically peaks.

Natural gas is still important in the UK’s electricity mix because it helps balance the ups and downs of renewable energy. However, gas use has dropped a lot as wind and solar have grown. The UK aims to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, which means it must keep cutting fossil fuel use in all areas. Energy leaders have described the fossil fuel era as “flailing and failing” and support a faster move to clean energy.

Turkey’s Expanding Fossil Fuel Capacity

Turkey ranks seventeenth with 47.82 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity. In 2021, 84 percent of Turkey’s energy supply was generated from coal, natural gas, or oil. Despite these constraints, the Turkish government plans to increase the country’s electricity generation capacity from coal by 10 percent by 2035. These measures are becoming increasingly controversial at a time when Turkey is committed to reducing carbon dioxide emissions, making it increasingly difficult to secure loans for building new coal-fired power plants.

Key Facts About Turkey’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Ranks seventeenth with 47.82 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity globally.
In 2021 84 percent of energy supply generated from coal natural gas or oil sources.
Plans to expand electricity generation capacity from coal by further ten percent through 2035.
Committed to reducing carbon dioxide emissions while facing difficulty securing loans for coal plants.
Wind and solar provided 12 percent of electricity in 2020 tripling since 2015 baseline.
Wind and solar power permanently overtook domestic coal electricity in 2024 historic milestone.
Turkish population increasingly opposed to environmentally damaging policies prioritizing fossil fuels.

Turkey has experienced significant growth in renewable energy, particularly wind and solar. In 2020, wind and solar energy provided 12 percent of electricity generation, a threefold increase since 2015. This helped reduce the market share of gas and oil by 11 percent over the same period, although coal’s market share continued to grow. Wind and solar power in Turkey permanently overtook electricity from domestic coal in 2024, even surpassing domestic coal power’s historic peak.

Turkey faces complicated energy security issues because of its location between Europe and the Middle East. It imports most of its fossil fuels, which makes it vulnerable to changes in global energy prices. Turkey has tried to diversify its energy sources, but expanding fossil fuel use goes against international climate goals and raises concerns about air quality at home. More people in Turkey are now against policies that focus mainly on fossil fuels.

Brazil’s Hydropower Backbone with Fossil Backup

Brazil holds eighteenth position with 44.28 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity. Unlike most countries on this list, Brazil relies on fossil fuels for only ten percent of its electricity in 2024, which is a sixth of the global average of 59 percent. The country’s electricity system is primarily built on hydropower, which provides the majority of its generation in normal rainfall years. However, fossil fuel capacity serves as crucial backup during drought periods when reservoir levels fall.

Key Facts About Brazil’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Completes top eighteen with 44.28 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity.
Relies on fossil fuels for just 10 percent of its electricity in 2024, which is a sixth of the global average.
Electricity system built primarily on hydropower providing majority generation in normal rainfall years.
Natural gas increased by ten terawatt-hours or 27 percent during the intense, widespread drought in 2024.
Carbon intensity of electricity: 103 grams per kilowatt-hour, second-lowest among G20 nations.
Power sector emissions peaked in 2014 at 114 million tonnes then reduced 32 percent by 2024.
Leading development of Belem 4x pledge at COP 30 calling quadruple sustainable fuels by 2035.

In 2024, Brazil’s hydroelectric generation fell by 14 terawatt-hours, or 3.2 percent, because of a severe drought. As a result, fossil fuel generation rose by 12 terawatt-hours, or 18 percent, mainly due to a 10 terawatt-hour (27 percent) increase in gas generation. This pattern happens whenever droughts lower river levels—fossil fuel plants increase output to keep electricity flowing.

Brazil’s carbon intensity of electricity generation was 103 grams of carbon dioxide per kilowatt-hour in 2024, the second-lowest among the G20 countries and less than a quarter of the global average of 473 grams per kilowatt-hour.

The country’s power sector emissions peaked in 2014 at 114 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, but the growth of wind and solar energy has since reduced the need for fossil power. In 2024, a decade past the peak, Brazil’s power sector emissions were 32 percent below 2014 levels at 77 million tonnes. Brazil is leading development of the Belem 4x pledge at COP 30, which calls for a global effort to quadruple output and use of sustainable fuels by 2035.

Thailand’s Gas-Dependent System

Thailand ranks nineteenth with 42.86 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity. The country generates 14 percent of its electricity from coal, 47 percent from natural gas, 32 percent from oil and other sources, and 7 percent from renewables. This heavy dependence on natural gas reflects Thailand’s domestic gas resources in the Gulf of Thailand; however, the country also imports substantial amounts of liquefied natural gas to meet its demand.

Key Facts About Thailand’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Ranks nineteenth with 42.86 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity in the region.
Generates 14 percent of its electricity from coal and 47 percent from natural gas sources.
Depends on domestic gas resources in Gulf of Thailand though imports liquefied natural gas.
Electricity demand has grown steadily as economy developed and population urbanized significantly.
A hot tropical climate drives significant cooling demand, particularly in urban centers.
Working to diversify energy mix and increase renewable energy deployment over time.
Participates in regional energy cooperation through Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN.

electricity demand has grown steadily as the economy has developed and population has urbanized. The country faces hot tropical climate conditions that drive significant cooling demand, particularly in urban centers like Bangkok. Air conditioning and refrigeration account for substantial portions of electricity consumption, and demand continues to rise as incomes increase and more households gain access to cooling technologies.

Thailand has been working to diversify its energy mix and increase the deployment of renewable energy. The country has considerable solar potential due to its tropical location, and solar photovoltaic installations have expanded significantly in recent years.

Wind resources are more limited but still being developed in certain coastal and elevated regions. Thailand also participates in regional energy cooperation through the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, with cross-border electricity trading helping to enhance energy security.

Taiwan’s Balanced but Fossil-Heavy Mix

Taiwan completes the top twenty with 42.32 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity. From September 2024 to August 2025, Taiwan continued on a path heavily reliant on fossil fuels for electricity consumption, with more than four-fifths of electricity—specifically 84.34 percent—generated from fossil energy sources. Within this category, gas and coal are the predominant fuels, contributing 45.99% and 36.91%, respectively.

Key Facts About Taiwan’s Fossil Fuel Capacity:

Completes top twenty with 42.32 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity.
More than four-fifths of electricity 84.34 percent generated from fossil energy sources.
Gas and coal are predominant fuels contributing 45.99 percent and 36.91 percent respectively.
The low-carbon energy proportion stands at 15.66 percent, with solar making up the third of the segment.
Phased out nuclear power with significant reductions occurring between 2015 and 2025 timeframe.
Dropped 7.2 terawatt hours in nuclear generation in 2025 alone accelerating coal and gas reliance.
Limited domestic energy resources mean importing virtually all fossil fuels creating security vulnerabilities.

Taiwan’s low-carbon energy proportion stands at 15.66 percent, with solar power making up a third of this segment at 5.07 percent, followed by wind power at 4.45 percent and hydropower at 2.98 percent. Nuclear energy, which is a vital component of many global low-carbon strategies, contributes just 1.73 percent. This dramatic decline in nuclear generation reflects Taiwan’s policy decision to phase out nuclear power, with significant reductions occurring between 2015 and 2025, including a major drop of 7.2 terawatt hours in 2025 alone.

Taiwan faces big challenges in moving to cleaner energy. Because it has few domestic energy resources, it must import almost all its fossil fuels, which creates energy security risks. Taiwan has strong solar potential and growing offshore wind resources, but issues with grid integration and limited land make it hard to quickly expand renewables. In 2025, electricity use per person in Taiwan was 12,387 kilowatt-hours, down 56 kilowatt-hours from 2024.

The Global Energy Security Challenge

Energy security is a key factor in decisions about fossil fuel capacity. Three-quarters of the world’s population live in countries that import more fossil fuels than they export, which creates economic and geopolitical risks. In 52 countries, fossil fuel imports make up more than half of their main energy use. This dependence has become even riskier because of global trade disruptions caused by major conflicts and energy crises.

Fossil fuel dependency is quickly turning into a vulnerability rather than a source of security. Bangladesh’s increased dependence on liquefied natural gas imports led to acute energy and economic disruptions in 2022 and 2023 as global LNG prices skyrocketed due to international conflicts. Overreliance on expensive fossil fuels has increased debt levels, and as fossil gas imports become increasingly unaffordable, Bangladesh has suffered from severe power outages, with power plants idling due to the unaffordability of fossil gas imports. At the same time, increasing subsidies have made the power sector unsustainable.

Several Eastern European nations, which have historically relied on Russian gas for electricity generation, have reduced their import reliance to near zero in recent years by building renewable energy sources. More than 100 countries have cut their dependence on fossil fuel imports and saved hundreds of billions of dollars by continuing to invest in renewable energy.

International energy experts emphasize that renewables inherently enhance energy supply security by generating electricity domestically, while also improving economic resilience in countries that import fossil fuels.

Economic Impacts and the Path Forward

The economic implications of fossil fuel electricity capacity extend far beyond the power plants themselves. The fossil fuel industry is a substantial source of tax revenue for governments, generating billions of dollars annually from royalties, taxes, and lease sales. This revenue helps fund essential public services, including healthcare, education, and infrastructure. Infrastructure development and pipeline construction contribute to job creation and help stimulate economies in surrounding regions.

But the true economic costs of fossil fuels, including health and environmental effects, are not included in market prices, so they are often overlooked. Burning fossil fuels in power plants releases sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and carbon dioxide, all of which harm health. Coal plants also emit toxins like mercury that directly affect people’s health. Reducing coal use could save hundreds of millions of dollars each year in healthcare by preventing illnesses like asthma, heart attacks, and deaths linked to coal emissions.

The energy sector is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions globally, accounting for approximately two-thirds of annual global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Current energy sector emissions trends, if continued, will not limit global temperature change to well below two degrees Celsius.

If investments in coal and other fossil infrastructure continue, energy systems will be locked into higher emissions, making it harder to limit warming. New investments in coal-fired electricity without carbon capture and storage are inconsistent with limiting warming to well below two degrees Celsius.

The world is at an important point in energy history. In 2024, new renewable energy projects helped avoid about $57 billion worth of fossil fuel use. Most renewable power projects built in 2024 were cheaper than any new fossil fuel options. Renewables are not only cost-competitive but also help reduce reliance on international fuel markets and improve energy security.

Global renewable electricity generation is projected to surpass that of fossil fuels by 2040, as renewable energy capacity is forecast to grow by over 350 gigawatts per year in the coming decades, while coal use is expected to decline. More than half of all countries now have a total renewable energy pipeline that exceeds their existing fossil fuel capacity, concretely demonstrating the momentum of the low-carbon transition. Renewables are poised to overtake coal as the leading power source in 2025.

Ten Essential Facts About Global Fossil Fuel Electricity Capacity

China leads the world with 1,332.39 million kilowatts of fossil fuel electricity capacity, nearly double that of the United States, which ranks second.
The top twenty countries collectively represent the vast majority of the world’s fossil fuel power generation infrastructure, which has been built over decades of industrial development.
Natural gas emits 50 to 60 percent less carbon dioxide than coal when combusted; however, methane leakage can significantly reduce this climate benefit.
Coal still dominates electricity generation in many countries despite being the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel available for power production.
Three-quarters of the world’s population lives in countries that import fossil fuels, creating significant economic and geopolitical vulnerabilities.
Fossil fuel power plants generated approximately 60 percent of the world’s electricity in 2022; however, this share is declining as renewable energy sources continue to expand.
The electricity sector accounts for approximately two-thirds of annual global greenhouse gas emissions, making it crucial for climate action.
More than 100 countries have reduced their dependence on fossil fuel imports by investing in domestic renewable energy generation capacity.
Renewable power projects commissioned in recent years were largely more cost-effective than new fossil fuel alternatives.
Global electricity demand is projected to more than double by 2050, requiring massive expansion of generation capacity preferably from clean sources.

The U.S. Energy Information Administration’s infographic highlights decades of decisions that built today’s large fossil fuel electricity systems. These choices were shaped by available technology, national economic priorities, and the need for reliable energy. Now, things are changing quickly.

Renewable energy is much cheaper, climate impacts are growing, and energy security concerns are pushing countries to use more domestic clean energy. The top twenty countries must decide whether to keep, grow, or reduce their fossil fuel capacity in the coming years. These choices will affect not only their own energy futures but also the global climate.

Here is a full of 186 Countries with the Highest Fossil Fuel Electricity Capacity :

Rank	Countries	Fossil fuels electricity capacity, 2022
1	China	1332.39
2	USA	724.22
3	India	305.45
4	Russia	217.06
5	Japan	195.46
6	Saudi Arabia	116.63
7	Germany	99.24
8	South Korea	90.11
9	Iran	71.45
10	Mexico	71.08
11	Italy	59.5
12	Indonesia	57.49
13	Australia	53.22
14	Egypt	52.97
15	South Africa	50.78
16	UK	50.62
17	Turkey	47.82
18	Brazil	44.28
19	Thailand	42.86
20	Taiwan	42.32
21	Spain	39.78
22	Vietnam	39.71
23	Canada	39.4
24	Poland	36.05
25	UA Emirates	33.11
26	Ukraine	30.74
27	Iraq	29.5
28	Argentina	29.14
29	Malaysia	28.17
30	Pakistan	26.09
31	Netherlands	23.87
32	Kazakhstan	21.96
33	Algeria	21.86
34	Bangladesh	21.67
35	Philippines	20.61
36	France	20.44
37	Kuwait	20.18
38	Chile	17.75
39	Israel	17.44
40	Venezuela	16.47
41	Uzbekistan	15.23
42	Hong Kong	13.27
43	Singapore	11.99
44	Czechia	11.87
45	Oman	10.87
46	Qatar	10.58
47	Libya	10.51
48	Morocco	10.05
49	Belarus	9.8
50	Peru	9.42
51	Greece	8.37
52	Finland	8.3
53	Syria	8.08
54	Belgium	7.99
55	Denmark	7.77
56	Sweden	7.73
57	Portugal	6.99
58	Bahrain	6.97
59	Colombia	6.75
60	Azerbaijan	6.69
61	Turkmenistan	6.51
62	Cuba	6.46
63	Austria	6.44
64	Romania	6.32
65	Hungary	6.16
66	Ireland	6.14
67	Tunisia	5.82
68	Puerto Rico	5.74
69	Serbia	4.41
70	Domin. Rep.	4.38
71	Jordan	4.27
72	Bulgaria	3.85
73	Burma	3.85
74	Ghana	3.76
75	Angola	3.51
76	North Korea	3.36
77	Bolivia	3.08
78	Ecuador	2.99
79	Laos	2.8
80	Slovakia	2.4
81	New Zealand	2.35
82	Guatemala	2.28
83	Sri Lanka	2.21
84	Bosnia & Herz.	2.15
85	Tr.&Tobago	2.13
86	Armenia	2.09
87	Sudan	1.94
88	Lithuania	1.88
89	Estonia	1.69
90	Uruguay	1.59
91	Slovenia	1.58
92	Croatia	1.54
93	Cyprus	1.51
94	Yemen	1.5
95	Panama	1.4
96	Honduras	1.39
97	Ivory Coast	1.39
98	Cambodia	1.32
99	Zimbabwe	1.27
100	Senegal	1.24
101	Latvia	1.23
102	Mongolia	1.23
103	Tanzania	1.13
104	Nigeria	1.11
105	North Macedonia	1.11
106	Nicaragua	1.1
107	Kenya	1.09
108	El Salvador	1.06
109	Georgia	1
110	Jamaica	0.97
111	Switzerland	0.97
112	Cameroon	0.92
113	Brunei	0.9
114	Norway	0.89
115	N. Caledonia	0.85
116	Botswana	0.75
117	Papua N.G.	0.75
118	Kyrgyzstan	0.73
119	Tajikistan	0.72
120	Mauritius	0.68
121	Zambia	0.64
122	Mali	0.63
123	R. of Congo	0.62
124	Bahamas	0.59
125	Malta	0.59
126	Burkina Faso	0.53
127	Madagascar	0.52
128	Mauritania	0.5
129	Mozambique	0.49
130	Moldova	0.47
131	Gabon	0.45
132	Benin	0.44
133	Macao	0.4
134	Haiti	0.39
135	Maldives	0.39
136	Guyana	0.34
137	Suriname	0.34
138	Niger	0.3
139	Aruba	0.26
140	Barbados	0.25
141	Guinea	0.23
142	Montenegro	0.23
143	Uganda	0.23
144	Eq. Guinea	0.22
145	Eritrea	0.22
146	Malawi	0.21
147	Fiji	0.2
148	Togo	0.19
149	Bermuda	0.17
150	Chad	0.16
151	Gambia	0.16
152	Cape Verde	0.15
153	Ethiopia	0.15
154	Afghanistan	0.14
155	Rwanda	0.14
156	Ant.& Barb.	0.13
157	Djibouti	0.13
158	Iceland	0.13
159	Luxembourg	0.13
160	Seychelles	0.13
161	Albania	0.12
162	Belize	0.12
163	Faroe Isl.	0.12
164	Namibia	0.12
165	Somalia	0.11
166	Swaziland	0.11
167	Liberia	0.1
168	Saint Lucia	0.09
169	Grenada	0.06
170	Burundi	0.05
171	Gibraltar	0.05
172	Nepal	0.05
173	St. Vincent & ...	0.04
174	Comoros	0.03
175	DR Congo	0.03
176	Dominica	0.03
177	G.-Bissau	0.03
178	S.T.&Principe	0.03
179	Sierra Leone	0.03
180	Solomon Isl.	0.03
181	Vanuatu	0.03
182	C.A. Republic	0.02
183	Samoa	0.02
184	Tonga	0.02
185	Bhutan	0.01
186	Kiribati	0.01